Heart disease remains the world's leading cause of death, claiming approximately 17.9 million lives annually (WHO, 2023). The landscape of cardiovascular care has been transformed by advanced cardiac devices from pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to ventricular assist devices (VADs) and cutting-edge wearable biosensors.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a broad spectrum of conditions, including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular disease, and congenital heart defects. Despite remarkable advances in pharmacological therapy, lifestyle interventions, and surgical techniques, CVD continues to be respons...
