PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Insights

• The PD-L1 inhibitors market size in the 7MM was nearly USD 36 billion in 2023, and the largest PD-L1 inhibitors market size was generated by the United States.
• Clinical trials testing of PD-L1 inhibitors have tripled in the recent few years, with more than 4,400 clinical trials (more than 3,600 are ongoing). Combination trials have led this growth; ~90% of the new trials started in 2020 are combination strategies.
• In the competitive landscape of PD-1 inhibitors, KEYTRUDA dominates the US PD-L1 inhibitors market, while OPDIVO leads in Japan. Initially, OPDIVO was the first PD-1 inhibitor approved in Japan, securing its market leadership. Although KEYTRUDA briefly overtook OPDIVO. OPDIVO regained its top position in Japan.
• LIBTAYO is the market leader for non-melanoma skin cancers, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, and is expected to maintain its dominance in the coming years. TECENTRIQ holds the leading position in small-cell lung cancer.
• KEYTRUDA and OPDIVO (IV) patents are set to expire in the US in 2028. This expiration is expected to significantly affect the PD-L1 market, as KEYTRUDA and OPDIVO currently hold substantial market shares. With loss of patent exclusivity, PD-L1 market witnessed decline, and emerging players, who are targeting limited indications, will struggle to fully replace the dominance of KEYTRUDA and OPDIVO in the near future, even if they achieve approvals across multiple indications.
• To tackle the biosimilar impact, Bristol Myers Squibb has already developed the subcutaneous formulation of OPDIVO and patent expiry for SC formulation is in 2030.
• The PD-L1 segment in China has been growing rapidly, and several businesses are attempting to market their products in developed nations and other foreign markets. Challenges including regulatory obstacles, rivalry from well-established pharmaceutical businesses, and disparities in healthcare systems might arise when venturing into well-established markets. However, it also offers significant opportunities for growth and access to a larger patient population.
• In April 2024, Bristol Myers Squibb announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) recommended approval of OPDIVO in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. The European Commission will review the CHMP recommendation. The final EC decision is expected in June 2024.
• In March 2024, Chugai Pharmaceutical filed a regulatory application with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) for TECENTRIQ IV infusion 1,200 mg for an additional indication of alveolar soft part sarcoma.
• Following the approvals of BAVENCIO and KEYTRUDA for Merkel cell carcinoma, ZYNYZ also received approval for this indication. With an approximately 3,000-case patient population in the US, ZYNYZ is expected to encounter strong competition from these established drugs. It is projected that ZYNYZ could achieve near to USD 50 million in sales by 2034.

DelveInsight's “PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2034” report delivers an in-depth analysis of PD-L1 inhibitors epidemiology, market, and clinical development understanding of PD-L1 inhibitors. In addition, this report provides historical and forecasted epidemiology and market data as well as a detailed analysis of the PD-L1 inhibitors market trends in the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), and the United Kingdom, and Japan.

PD-L1 inhibitors market report provides real-world prescription pattern analysis, emerging drugs assessment, market share, and uptake/adoption pattern of individual therapies, as well as historical and forecasted PD-L1 inhibitors market size from 2020 to 2034 in the 7MM. The report also covers current PD-L1 inhibitors treatment practices/algorithms and unmet medical needs to curate the best opportunities and assess the market’s underlying potential.

PD-L1 Inhibitors Treatment Market

PD-L1 Inhibitors Overview

Over the last decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer care, offering patients an alternative to chemotherapy or targeted therapies and a chance at long-term remission across many tumor types. The first two immune checkpoint receptors for which clinically efficient inhibitors were successfully developed were the cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and the PD-1 receptor. Most solid tumors and a subset of hematologic malignancies benefit from using one or both drug classes. While immune checkpoint inhibitors were initially evaluated and approved for the treatment of metastatic cancers, their use has now expanded to include early-stage cancer in certain tumor types, such as triple-negative breast cancer or non-small-cell lung cancer. PD-1 is a checkpoint protein in T cells that acts as a type of “off switch” that helps keep the T cells from attacking other cells in the body, especially when it attaches to PD-L1 – a protein on some normal (and cancer) cells. Some cancer cells have large amounts of PD-L1, which helps them hide from an immune attack. Monoclonal antibodies that target either PD-1 or PD-L1 can block this binding and boost the immune response against cancer cells. Examples of drugs that target PD-1 include KEYTRUDA, OPDIVO, LIBTAYO, JEMPERLI, ZYNYZ, LOQTORZI, and TEVIMBRA. Examples of drugs that target PD-L1 include TECENTRIQ, BAVENCIO, and IMFINZI. Both PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors help treat different types of cancer.

Many emerging PD-L1 inhibitors are entering clinical trials. The developing pipeline of immune checkpoint inhibitors may lead to improvements in efficacy and tolerability rates for PD-1 inhibition. Spartalizumab, sugemalimab, HLX10, INCB99280, balstilimab, envafolimab, and others are currently being investigated for various cancers, including advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, urothelial carcinoma bladder, metastatic esophageal cancer, metastatic gastric cancer, NSCLC, and others.

Further details are provided in the report

PD-L1 Inhibitors Epidemiology

Recent Developments in PD-L1 Inhibitors Clinical Trials

• On September 13, 2024, Roche announced FDA approval for Tecentriq Hybreza™ (atezolizumab and hyaluronidase-tqjs), the first PD-L1 inhibitor available for subcutaneous injection. This new formulation allows patients to receive treatment in just seven minutes, compared to the traditional 30-60 minute intravenous infusion. Tecentriq Hybreza is approved for all adult indications of intravenous Tecentriq, including certain types of lung, liver, skin, and soft tissue cancers.

PD-L1 Inhibitors Drug Chapters

The drug chapter segment of the PD-L1 inhibitors market report encloses a detailed analysis of PD-L1 inhibitors marketed drugs and late-stage (Phase III and Phase II) pipeline drugs. It also deep dives into the PD-L1 inhibitors clinical trial details, recent and expected market approvals, patent details, the latest news, and recent deals and collaborations. 

Marketed PD-L1 inhibitors Drugs

List is not exhaustive, we will provide in full report….

KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab): Merck

KEYTRUDA is a PD-1-blocking antibody. It is approved for multiple types of cancer. It was first approved by the FDA in September 2014 for advanced melanoma. Since then, it has received multiple approvals, and the latest FDA approval was in January 2024 as a treatment for patients with FIGO 2014 Stage III-IVA cervical cancer.

• In May 2025, Merck announced that data from the pivotal Phase III ASCENT-04/KEYNOTE-D19 study was presented as a late-breaking oral presentation at the 2025 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting (Abstract #LBA109) and was selected for the official ASCO Press Program.
• In February 2025, Merck announced the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for priority review a new supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) seeking approval for KEYTRUDA for the treatment of patients with resectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC). The FDA has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), or target action, date of June 23, 2025.

However, with the patent for KEYTRUDA set to expire in 2028, the PD-L1 market is expected to shift and decline, allowing competitors to benefit and introduce KEYTRUDA biosimilars, leading to a decline in its sales post-2028. Currently, KEYTRUDA dominates the PD-L1 market, though other drugs lead in specific indications: LIBTAYO in CSCC and TECENTRIQ in SCLC after KEYTRUDA's withdrawal. Overall, KEYTRUDA's approval across 20 indications gives it the largest market share among PD-L1 inhibitors. 

IMFINZI (durvalumab): AstraZeneca

IMFINZI is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-(L)1 and blocks the interaction of PD-L1 with PD 1 and CD80, countering the tumor’s immune-evading tactics and releasing the inhibition of immune responses. The first FDA approval of IMFINZI was in February 2018 for patients with Stage III NSCLC. 

In June 2025, AstraZeneca’s Imfinzi in combination with standard-of-care FLOT chemotherapy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in the primary endpoint of event-free survival (EFS) versus chemotherapy alone for patients with resectable, early-stage and locally advanced (Stages II, III, IVA) gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers. IMFINZI is approved for four indications: NSCLC, ES-SCLC, BTC, and HCC. In 2023, its overall sales reached approximately USD 4 billion worldwide, with the majority of revenue generated from the NSCLC indication.

Note: Detailed current therapies assessment will be provided in the full report

Emerging PD-L1 inhibitors Drugs

Sasanlimab: Pfizer

Sasanlimab is a humanized immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the programmed cell death (PD-1) receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-1 ligands. The company is currently conducting a pivotal Phase III CREST study of sasanlimab in people with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. 

• In April 2025, Pfizer announced results from the pivotal Phase III CREST trial of sasanlimab, an investigational anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, in combination with standard of care (SOC) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as induction therapy with or without maintenance in patients with BCG-naïve, high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). 
• In January 2025, Pfizer announced positive topline results from its pivotal Phase III CREST trial evaluating sasanlimab, an investigational anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as induction therapy with or without maintenance in patients with BCG-naïve, high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). 

HLX43: Shanghai Henlius Biotech

HLX43 is the leading ADC targeting PD-L1 that is progressing to phase II clinical development globally. It has received Investigational New Drug (IND) approvals from the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the US FDA. Currently, HLX43 is being investigated in Phase II clinical trials for a variety of solid tumor indications, including NSCLC, Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TSCC), Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), cervical cancer, and Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC). 

In June 2025, Shanghai Henlius Biotech announced that the first subject had been dosed for HLX43-NSCLC201, a phase II international multicenter clinical trial of HLX43, developed by the company based on collaboration with MediLink Therapeutics, for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC. The results from the Phase I clinical trial of HLX43 were first released at the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting, demonstrating a manageable safety profile and encouraging efficacy across multiple tumor types, particularly in various types of NSCLC, including squamous and non-squamous NSCLC patients (sqNSCLC and nsqNSCLC), patients with or without EGFR mutation, patients with or without brain/liver metastasis, and PD-L1 positive or negative patients. 

Note: Detailed emerging therapies assessment will be provided in the final report.

 PD-L1 inhibitors Drug Class Insights

Checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-L1 have emerged as dominant forces in the immunotherapy landscape for cancer treatment, with ten PD-L1 inhibitors approved, comprising seven PD-1 and three PD-L1 inhibitors in the United States. Their efficacy has been notable across various solid tumors, with KEYTRUDA being a standout among these agents, approved for a remarkable twenty indications and holding a significant market presence for several years. However, recent concerns over adverse events have prompted a shift towards combination approaches aimed at enhancing both efficacy and safety. This strategy involves combining PD-L1 inhibitors with other checkpoint inhibitors such as CTLA-4, TIGIT, and LAG-3, as well as exploring novel targets like TROP-2. Due to its numerous indication approvals, which led to a comprehensive FDA label and widespread use across a number of indications, PD-1 exceeds the sales of PD-L1 in the 7MM market. Despite their potential, immune checkpoint inhibitors face challenges, including immune-related side effects and high costs, highlighting the critical need for reliable biomarkers to identify patients who would benefit most from these treatments.

PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Outlook

PD-1 inhibitors are expected to be the leading drug class in terms of sales in the future. Immuno-oncology agents, especially the PD-L1 class, have transformed cancer treatment across various tumor types and stages, from metastatic to early stage. The adoption of PD-L1 therapies has been driven by their proven versatility. They can be used as monotherapy or in combination with targeted agents like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, chemotherapy, or other immunotherapy agents. This versatility has led to durable tumor responses and improved survival benefits, all while maintaining acceptable toxicity profiles. The improved safety profile of PD-L1 therapies compared to chemotherapy allows them to be used as a backbone therapy in a wide range of combination regimens.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD-L1 inhibitors, have been a breakthrough in cancer treatment. However, the development of new targets beyond PD-L1 has faced challenges. TIGIT and TIM-3 were once promising new targets but have seen limited progress after experiencing high-profile failures. Despite this, both TIM-3 and TIGIT products are still in development. LAG-3 is another potential target. Apart from this Efti’s unique and differentiated approach as an MHC Class II agonist makes it an attractive target for combination therapies.

In the crowded PD-L1 landscape, differentiation is key to success. PD-L1 inhibitors Companies must strive to be innovative and address areas where current therapies are sub-optimal. Being the first-in-class in new indications or addressing white space can also help companies stand out in this competitive environment. The emerging PD-L1 inhibitors include, spartalizumab (Novartis), sasanlimab (Pfizer), zimberelimab (Arcus Biosciences), sugemalimab (EQRx/CStone Pharmaceuticals), HLX10 (Shanghai Henlius Biotech), balstilimab (Agenus), and others.

• Among the 7MM, the United States captured the largest PD-L1 inhibitors market size, with nearly USD 26 billion in 2023, which is projected to increase during the forecast period (2024-2034).
• Among EU4 and the UK, Germany captured the largest PD-L1 inhibitors market size followed by the UK in 2023.
• KEYTRUDA and OPDIVO currently hold the largest PD-L1 inhibitors market size in the United States. The top indications for KEYTRUDA in terms of generating revenue in the US are NSCLC, melanoma, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, TNBC, and others. The leading indications in the US that generate high revenue for OPDIVO are melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, NSCLC, and upper GI/bladder conditions.
• Gastric cancer is more common among Asians. It is the leading indication OPDIVO that accounts for majority of OPDIVO's sales revenue in Japan, outpacing other indications. On the other hand, melanoma and NSCLC are the top indications for OPDIVO in the US, EU4, and the UK.

PD-L1 Inhibitors Drugs Uptake

This section focuses on the uptake rate of potential PD-L1 inhibitors drugs expected to be launched in the PD-L1 inhibitors market during 2020–2034, which depends on the competitive landscape, safety, efficacy data along with order of entry. It is important to understand that the key PD-L1 inhibitors companies evaluating their novel therapies in the pivotal and confirmatory trials should remain vigilant when selecting appropriate comparators to stand the greatest chance of a positive opinion from regulatory bodies, leading to approval, smooth launch, and rapid uptake. 

Further detailed analysis of emerging therapies drug uptake in the report…

PD-L1 Inhibitors Pipeline Activities

The PD-L1 inhibitors drugs market report provides insights into different therapeutic candidates in Phase III and Phase II stages. It also analyzes key PD-L1 inhibitors companies involved in developing targeted therapeutics.

BLA application

• The FDA has accepted reviewing BLA for tislelizumab as a first-line treatment for patients with unresectable, recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic ESCC. The target action date is July 2024. The FDA application is supported by previously announced results from RATIONALE-306.
• In February 2024, BeiGene announced that the US FDA accepted BLA for TEVIMBRA, in combination with fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-containing chemotherapy, for the treatment of patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma. The FDA’s action date on the BLA is expected by December 2024. The filing is based on results from the global RATIONALE-305 trial.

Marketing Authorization Application

• In February 2024, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of marketing authorization for ZYNYZ, intended for the treatment of MCC.
• In March 2023, the MAA of HLX10 in combination with chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of ES-SCLC was validated by the EMA. Moreover, it is under review by the EMA.

Marketing Authorization Application

• In February 2024, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of marketing authorization for ZYNYZ, intended for the treatment of MCC.

Anticipated milestone

• Agenus intends to file its first BLA for the botensilimab/balstilimab combination in colorectal cancer in mid-2024.
• In March 2023, the MAA of HLX10 in combination with chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of ES-SCLC was validated by the EMA. Moreover, it is under review by the EMA.

Anticipated data readouts

• Topline data from the ongoing Phase II study of balstilimab in the refractory MSS mCRC NLM treatment setting are expected in the second half of 2024.

In the Phase II study in 2L+ Melanoma, data from the fully enrolled Botensilimab monotherapy arm and a cohort of patients on Botensilimab/Balstilimab (n = 30) are anticipated in the second half of 2024.

Note: Full details and list will be provided in the full report….

Pipeline Development Activities

The PD-L1 inhibitors market report covers information on collaborations, acquisitions and mergers, licensing, and patent details for PD-L1 Inhibitors emerging therapies.

KOL Views

To keep up with the real-world scenario in current and emerging PD-L1 inhibitors market trends, we take opinions from Key Industry leaders working in the domain through primary research to fill the data gaps and validate our secondary research. Industry Experts contacted for insights on the evolving treatment landscape, patient reliance on conventional therapies, patient’s therapy switching acceptability, and drug uptake along with challenges related to accessibility, including Medical/scientific writers, Medical Oncologists, Pulmonologists and Professors, Chief of Thoracic Service at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Dermatologists at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and others.

Delveinsight’s analysts connected with 40+ KOLs to gather insights; however, interviews were conducted with 18+ KOLs in the 7MM. Centers such as MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre in London, LUNGevity Foundation, etc., were contacted. Their opinion helps understand and validate current and emerging therapy treatment patterns or PD-L(1) inhibitors market trends. 

Qualitative Analysis

We perform Qualitative and market Intelligence analysis using various approaches, such as SWOT analysis and analyst views. In the SWOT analysis, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in terms of gaps in disease diagnosis, patient awareness, physician acceptability, competitive landscape, cost-effectiveness, and geographical accessibility of therapies are provided. 

 PD-L1 inhibitors Market Access and Reimbursement

In the US healthcare system, both Public and Private health insurance coverage are included. Also, Medicare and Medicaid are the largest government-funded programs in the US. The major healthcare programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and the state and federal health insurance marketplaces, are overseen by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Other than these, Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) and third-party organizations that provide services and educational programs to aid patients are also present. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) authorizes the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to negotiate prices directly with participating manufacturers for certain high expenditures, qualifying single-source Medicare drugs without generic or biosimilar competition. Negotiations with participating manufacturers for the first group of 10 drugs selected for the first cycle of Medicare drug price negotiations began in 2023, with any negotiated maximum fair prices going into effect in 2026. In 2026–2028, it is estimated that Medicare will negotiate prices for 38 Medicare Part D drugs and 2 Part B drugs. KEYTRUDA and OPDIVO come under Part B drugs.

The PD-L1 inhibitors treatment market report further provides detailed insights on the country-wise accessibility and reimbursement scenarios, cost-effectiveness scenario of approved therapies, programs making accessibility easier and out-of-pocket costs more affordable, insights on patients insured under federal or state government prescription drug programs, etc.

Scope of the PD-L1 inhibitors Market Report

• The PD-L1 inhibitors drugs market report covers a segment of key events, an executive summary, descriptive overview of PD-L1 inhibitors, explaining their causes, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and currently available therapies.
• Additionally, an all-inclusive account of both the current and emerging therapies, along with the elaborative profiles of late-stage and prominent therapies, will have an impact on the current treatment landscape.
• A detailed review of the PD-L1 inhibitors market, historical and forecasted market size, market share by therapies, detailed assumptions, and rationale behind our approach is included in the report, covering the 7MM drug outreach.
• The PD-L1 inhibitors market report provides an edge while developing business strategies, by understanding trends, through SWOT analysis and expert insights/KOL views, patient journey, and treatment preferences that help in shaping and driving the 7MM PD-L1 inhibitors market.

PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Report Insights

•  PD-L1 inhibitors Patient Population
•  PD-L1 inhibitors Therapeutic Approaches
• PD-L1 Inhibitors Pipeline Analysis
• PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Size
•  PD-L1 inhibitors Market Trends
• Existing and future PD-L1 inhibitors Market Opportunity 

PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Report Key Strengths

• 11 Years Forecast
• 7MM Coverage 
• PD-L1 Inhibitors Target Pool
• Market Outlook
• Comprehensive PD-L1 approval timelines 
• Total PD-L1 Market Size by Indications
• PD-(L)-1 Therapy sales categorized by Indication
• Key Cross Competition 
•  PD-L1 inhibitors Drugs Uptake
• Key PD-L1 inhibitors Market Forecast Assumptions

PD-L1 Inhibitors Market Report Assessment

• Current PD-L1 inhibitors Treatment Practices
• PD-L1 inhibitors Unmet Needs
• PD-L1 inhibitors Pipeline Product Profiles
•  PD-L1 inhibitors Market Attractiveness
• Qualitative Analysis

FAQs

• What was the PD-L1 inhibitors market size, the market size by therapies, market share (%) distribution in 2020, and what would it look like in 2034? What are the contributing factors/key catalysts for this growth?
• Which combination treatment approaches will have a significant impact on PD-L1 inhibitors drug treatment market size?
• Is there any unexplored patient setting that can open the window for growth in the future?
• What will be the impact of KEYTRUDA’s and OPDIVO expected PD-L1 inhibitors patent expiry?
• Which PD-L1 inhibitors drug is going to be the largest contributor in PD-L1 market size in 2034?
• Which drug will dominate the NSCLC market in 2034 and how many PD-L1 inhibitors companies are developing PD-L1 for the treatment of NSCLC?
• What are the pricing variations among different geographies for approved PD-L1 inhibitors therapies?
• How would the market drivers, barriers, and future opportunities affect the PD-L1 inhibitors market dynamics and subsequent analysis of the associated trends?
• What are the recent novel therapies, targets, PD-L1 inhibitors mechanisms of action are explored in combination with PD-L1? 
• What are the country-specific accessibility issues of expensive, recently approved therapies? 
• Which PD-L1 inhibitors therapy is market leader in non-melanoma skin cancers?

Reasons to Buy

• The PD-L1 inhibitors therapeutics market report will help in developing business strategies by understanding the latest trends and changing treatment dynamics driving the PD-L1 inhibitors Market.
• Insights on patient burden/disease incidence, evolution in diagnosis, and factors contributing to the change in the epidemiology of the disease during the forecast years
• Understand the existing PD-L1 inhibitors market opportunities in varying geographies and the growth potential over the coming years.
• Distribution of historical and current PD-L1 inhibitors patient share based on real-world prescription data along with reported sales of approved products in the US, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), the United Kingdom, and Japan.
• Patient-based forecast model which uses bottom-up forecasting techniques is accepted as a gold standard in pharma forecasting.
• Identifying strong upcoming PD-L1 inhibitors companies in the market will help devise strategies to help get ahead of competitors.
• Detailed analysis and ranking of class-wise potential current and emerging PD-L1 inhibitors therapies.
• Highlights of access and reimbursement policies of approved therapies, barriers to accessibility of expensive off-label therapies, and patient assistance programs.
• To understand Key Opinion Leaders’ perspectives around the accessibility, acceptability, and compliance-related challenges of existing treatment to overcome barriers in the future.
• Detailed insights on the unmet needs of the existing market so that the upcoming PD-L1 inhibitors companies can strengthen their development and launch strategy.